School of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, Liaoning 123000, P R China College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110044, P R China ...

School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, North China University of Technology, Tangshan 063210, P. R. China Key Laboratory of Mining Development and Safety Technology, Tangshan 063210, P ...

After coal seam extraction, stress in the overburden redistributes. When the overburden exceeds its bearing capacity, it fractures, generating mining-induced fractures and creating a symmetrical ...

However, extensive coal mining has left behind Goaf areas underground voids and fractured zones that pose serious safety hazards and environmental risks. These challenges require innovative approaches ...