Background: Pedicle screw placement in spine surgery is a complex and delicate procedure that requires precise ... of navigated instruments and precise screw trajectory planning to avoid complications ...

The lumbar spine ... and thoracic vertebrae is that they must be large and strong to support the muscles and bones during movement. The back of the vertebra is more complicated, with protrusions and ...

Starting with the second vertebra (C2), there is a pad of soft cartilage called an intervertebral disc that cushions between each vertebra. Facet joints between each vertebra (called zygapophysial ...

“He suffered a severe thoracic spinal cord injury due to a knife lodged in his spine. Surgery was conducted to remove the knife and repair spinal fluid leakage. He also sustained deep wounds on his ...