Protein design (or protein engineering) is a technique by which proteins with enhanced or novel functional properties are created. Proteins can be engineered by rational design, which typically ...

Membrane proteins are proteins found in cell membranes, either at the surface or on intracellular organelles. Integral membrane proteins such as receptors and ion channels span the membrane.

Lastly, PECAM-1 (CD31) and CD99 hemophilic engagement and endothelial retraction lead to monocyte extravasation. PSGL: P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1; GPCR: G-protein-coupled receptors; LFA1: ...

Actived TGF-β binds to TGF-β ligand, Once TGF-β binds to TβRII, TβRI is recruited, phosphorylated and activated to phosphorylate the downstream mediators-SMAD2 and SMAD3; then SMAD4 binds to activated ...

This depends on the type of enzyme. The enzyme pepsin breaks down proteins in the acidic conditions of the stomach. Pepsin has an optimum of pH 2.5 and a working range of between pH 1-4.