Indirect effects can be defined as the impact of one organism or species on another, mediated or transmitted by a third. For example, a caterpillar may exert a direct effect on a plant by eating it.

In other words, A (donor) has an effect on B (transmitter), which then affects C (recipient). There are two main ways by which an indirect effect can occur (Wootton 1993, 1994). The first is known ...

In the world of academic research, indirect costs are the unsung heroes. These expenses — covering everything from lab maintenance to administrative support — are essential for keeping the ...

US President Donald Trump’s policies, which have rocked the financial and commodities markets globally, will have an indirect impact on the UAE, GCC and wider Middle East and North Africa (Mena ...

Sensationalized headlines, graphic visuals, and constant updates create a "media amplification effect," where perceived risk ...

The budget of Sri Lanka for 2025 has unveiled some indirect tax proposals that target increasing the revenue of the government and providing economic stability. These taxes have no direct bearing on ...