A: Animal; ACE: Accessory cholera enterotoxin; H: Human; ZOT: Zonula occludens toxin.

Mastitis is the most frequent infectious disease that causes the greatest losses for dairy cattle (Langoni et al. 1998, Costa et al. 1999) and may be subclinically or clinically (Munoz et al. 2006).

Biological toxins are poisonous substances, either naturally produced by an animal, plant or microbial source; or their analogs may be synthesized in a laboratory. Unlike most other biohazards, ...

The thymus plays a pivotal role in generating a highly-diverse repertoire of T lymphocytes while preventing autoimmunity. Thymus seeding progenitors (TSPs) are a heterogeneous group of multipotent ...

Data are accumulating that emphasize the important role of the intestinal barrier and intestinal permeability for health and disease. However, these terms are poorly defined, their assessment is a ...

Fluid, electrolyte and mineral perturbations are prevalent features of tropical disease. Hemodynamic alterations, fever, nitrogen wasting, and changes in membrane transport and acid–base balance ...

The mucosal immune system is a critical first line of defense to infectious diseases, as many pathogens enter the body through mucosal surfaces, disrupting the balanced interactions between mucosal ...