A 50-year-old woman presents to the clinic with worsening fatigue, dyspnea on exertion, and peripheral edema over the previous 3 months. She has a history of hypertension and nonischemic dilated ...

Cardiovascular diseases remain the most prevalent cause of morbidity and mortality globally, significantly impacting public health systems. An integral ...

Water and sodium retention during severe hypothyroidism create a state of volume depletion, low extracellular fluid osmolality and increased water retention. The hypothyroid population is ...