This equation defines the relation between the concentrations of an ion on either side ... Since this is a small value it is most conveniently given in mV (1/1000 of a volt), in which case it becomes ...

points 1 and 2 lie on a streamline, the fluid has constant density, the flow is steady, and there is no friction. Although these restrictions sound severe, the Bernoulli equation is very useful, ...

is a measure of energy, per unit of charge, transferred between two points in a circuit. A potential difference of 1 volt means that 1 joule of work is done per coulomb of charge.

However, LED lighting already includes circuitry to adapt the voltage to the low levels used by the LED lights, which means they should be able to work with 48 volts as they do with 12-volt systems, ...