[6] Placement of a shunt is a neurosurgical procedure performed ... whom there is concern of injury to the brain from inserting a ventricular catheter for example, a patient with previous injury ...

Both of these are confounded when there is an atrial shunt, hence limiting the use of relative ventricular output as a measure of PDA significance. This shows the measurement of the color Doppler ...

gmail.com Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) has been a key variable for the diagnosis ... LVEF will vary with loading conditions, valvular regurgitation and intracardiac shunts. There is ...