The influences on ion energy of membrane thickness, ion-pair formation, “pores” and “carriers” have been estimated. Only “pores” and “carriers” lower the energy barrier ...

Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States ...

Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry & Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, P. R. China ...