Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are innate immunity molecules present in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals, but not in plants. Insects have up to 19 PGRPs, classified into short ...

Because the initial step of biofilm formation is binding of bacterial surface-located compounds to tissue or biomaterials, the evaluation of these components as a vaccine target is the most ...

The release of membrane vesicles (MVs) is a widespread phenomenon in prokaryotic cells. These spherical particles are 20–400 nm in a diameter and have been reported to facilitate a number of ...

The Committee of Animal Experiments at Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine approved all experimental protocols and methods (permit no. 27-74). Healthy pre-ovulatory bovine uteri ...