There are trillions of charged particles—protons and electrons, the basic building blocks of matter—whizzing around above ...

While I teach the history of the space race in a space policy ... chorus waves interact with electrons in the outer radiation belt. To test whether lightning was behind our inner radiation belt ...

These waves can then travel through the atmosphere out into space, where they interact with electrons in the inner radiation belt - much as chorus waves interact with electrons in the outer radiation ...

These waves can then travel through the atmosphere out into space, where they interact with electrons in the inner radiation belt – much as chorus waves interact with electrons in the outer radiation ...

Lightning, when coupled with solar flares, can knock electrons flying above the Earth out of place. AP Photo/David Zalubowski ...

To get somewhere in outer space, you can’t exactly drive in a straight line. Orbits are tricky things, and sending a probe to ...