Eye diagrams are important tools in telecommunications for analyzing the performance of digital signals, such as noise, ...

To transmit a digital signal without distortion on a channel, the bandwidth of the transmission medium must be very large compared to the spectrum of the transmitted digital signal. This chapter ...

Abstract: Distortion in transmission channels causes intersymbol interference in digital communication systems. This distortion may be partially corrected at the receiver through the use of a tapped ...

Water scattering is the phenomenon of taking migration of motion path of photons due to particle collision, and the scattering effect can make the decrease of strength of the signal at the receiving ...

The combined attenuation of this filtering and channel memory effects results in higher intersymbol interference (ISI) and lower edge slew rates for all of the single-, two-, and three-level ...

In Part 1 of this article, we looked at a number of phase-locked loop (PLL) concepts ranging from continuous and sampled control systems to estimation theory based perspectives. Now, in Part 2, we ...