Main Outcome Measures Symptoms as measured by the University of Toronto Concussion Symptom Scale (UTCSS) scores, time loss from competition, loss of consciousness, amnesia, and history of concussion.

0–7 scale); substance use over the past 30 days (yes vs no) and illicit drug use throughout lifetime (yes vs no). Our dependent variable was participant-reported sadness/hopelessness over the past 12 ...