These indirect measures allow for inference that learning has taken place, but it does not provide the same level of tangible, visible, and measurable evidence as a direct assessment of student ...

When it comes to human biology, it's rarely so simple. In most instances, to establish causality we use indirect evidence (more on that in a moment). It requires an approach called inductive ...

Theoretically, press experiments should evidence both direct and indirect effects while pulse experiments should only present direct effects. However, some indirect effects can occur quickly ...

But in some cases, negotiated rates can be even higher, such as at the University of Michigan where the negotiated rate for indirect costs ... had provided adequate evidence to show the Trump ...

This paper attempts to establish stylized facts on direct and indirect trade and its impact on firm performance using firm transaction data of Japanese firms, with the special goal of shedding light ...

Organizations are increasingly subject to rating and ranking by third-party evaluators. Research in this area tends to emphasize the direct effects of ratings systems that occur when ratings give key ...