For example, in a distillation column, the reflux flow is normally adjusted to maintain a stable key column tray temperature. If the tray is well down the tower, an unmeasured feed composition change ...

Imagine a humble, dark liquid pulled from deep within the Earth, mysterious, dense, and seemingly simple. Yet, in the right ...

The longest hydrocarbons have very high boiling points. They leave the column as a hot liquid called bitumen. Shorter hydrocarbon molecules have weaker intermolecular forces and lower boiling points.

This first run can be done in a column or in a pot still. A second distillation run through a copper pot still further raises the alcohol level and removes impurities from the spirit. At this ...

Fractional distillation works because the different liquids have different boiling points. When the mixture is heated: vapours rise through a column which is hot at the bottom, and cold at the top ...