Adult Chest Surgery. New York: The McGraw-Hill Company, 2009. Ohata M, Suzuki H. Pathogenesis of spontaneous pneumothorax: With special reference to the ultrastructure of emphysematous bullae. Chest.

Quickly spreading erythema, ecchymosis with vesicles enlarging to purple bullae, should immediately alert the nurse to NF. Inside these purple bullae is a foul smelling, thin, watery fluid known ...