Polymer systems also have many advantages over conventional photovoltaic technology ... they must have two electrodes and a layer of photoactive material that absorbs light (a photon) and ...

A typical bulk-heterojunction polymer solar-cell structure is shown in Fig. 2a. In such a cell, a polymer active-layer — consisting of a bulk-heterojunction of donor and acceptor molecules ...

Further testing showed that the D18 layer installed in a functioning solar cell inhibited ion diffusion between layers as intended—and worked better than other polymers they tried. They also ...