Redox reactions form the basis of many fundamental processes of life. Without them, neither cellular respiration nor ...

Mitochondria are the powerhouses in our cells, producing the energy for all vital processes. Using cryo-electron tomography, ...

The “lead” of a pencil is actually made of a substance called graphite which is made of carbon atoms. The picture shows a close-up of one carbon atom. A hydrogen atom has one proton as the nucleus and ...

The word magic is not often used in the context of science. But in the early 1930s, scientists discovered that some atomic nuclei – the center part of atoms, which make up all matter – were more ...

When two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom get close enough, the electron from each atom feels an attraction from the protons in the other atom's nucleus. This attraction pulls the atoms together. The ...

It’s the very latest development in radiotherapy to increase our ability to better conform the radiation to the tumour. PBT aims high-energy protons directly into a person’s tumour. Travelling at ...

Protons sit in the nuclei of all atoms, but they are not fundamental particles: They are made of three quarks held together by the strong nuclear force. The strength of this interaction is ...

"This approach breaks down space and time into a fine grid, allowing us to simulate how the strong force—the fundamental interaction that binds quarks into protons and neutrons—varies across ...