University of Toronto researchers have discovered nine new genes used by bacteria to protect themselves against ...

Fairburn explains that in the absence of an active anti-phage defence, viral infections inhibit bacterial growth and cause a ...

Like people, bacteria get invaded by viruses. In bacteria, the viral invaders are called bacteriophages, derived from the Greek word for bacteria-eaters, or in shortened form, "phages." ...

Pandemics over the course of evolution have led to the integration of viruses into our genome. Westend61via Getty Images ...

Immunotherapy has emerged as one of the major options for cancer treatment in the past decade. With the successful application of immune checkpoint inhibitors and the introduction of immune regulatory ...

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection continues to pose a major global health threat. The virus evades immune responses and antiviral therapies due to the persistence of covalently closed circular ...

In multiple sclerosis (MS), antibodies to the common Epstein-Barr virus can accidentally attack a protein in the brain and spinal cord. New research shows that the combination of certain viral ...

Live-attenuated viral vaccines (LAV) have been used safely for several decades in healthy individuals to protect against diseases with great success. In immunocompromised hosts their use is ...