Eds L G F Giles, K P Singer. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000. ISBN 7506-4789-2. Understanding thoracic spine pain is complex and demands the sharing of ideas and knowledge to improve the ...

Exclusion criteria included: congenital defect of the scapula or thorax; history of trauma, fracture, or surgery to the scapula, rib cage, or thoracic spine; any evidence of peripheral or central ...