The thalamus is a brain area that is located between the cerebral cortex and midbrain, and surrounds the third ventricle. The thalamus has an important role in mediating sensory information to ...

PENK is a precursor of the peptide enkephalin, which relieves pain by binding to two types of opioid receptors. These neurons are located in the ventrolateral geniculate nucleus (vLGN) of the thalamus ...

To observe trigeminal, thalamic, and cortical activity in response ... the later capable of causing a sensation of pain.