1998). It represents the resistance to change of a particular ecological state. Stable equilibrium (state): In ecological studies the state can be defined by the set of biotic and abiotic ...

In the realm of science fiction, Dyson spheres and ringworlds have been staples for decades. But it is well known that the ...

But in 1972, evolutionary scientists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge proposed another explanation, which they called "punctuated equilibrium." That is, species are generally stable ...