In the human placenta, there are placental villi, and the surface of the villi consists of syncytiotrophoblast, also called barrier cells, that serve as the main barrier against foreign substances.

Pro-inflammatory cytokines are modified during the multiplication of Trypanosoma cruzi within the placental chorionic villi and are associated with the level of infection via the signaling pathway ...

The lack of physiologically relevant models of placental development stymies efforts to close these knowledge gaps ... By 12 dpf, cytotrophoblast cells begin to penetrate the primitive syncytium to ...