Lest her subjects resent her Roman overtures, Cleopatra embraced Egypt's traditions. She is said to have been the first Ptolemaic pharaoh to bother to learn the Egyptian language. While it was ...

Thus she may have “outranked the pharaoh,” according to Mr. Llewellyn-Jones, “so that, in effect, she, not he, ruled the Two Lands.” Cleopatra Syra’s final legacy was arranging for ...