Percutaneous lumbar discectomy is indicated in noncontained disc herniations. Transforaminal endoscopic microdiscectomy differs from other percutaneous discectomy procedures in that direct ...

facet hypertrophy Percutaneous laser discectomy Same as standard microdiscectomy History of previous lumbar surgery, workman's compensation, stenosis, facet hypertrophy, free fragment Artificial ...

Results suggest that PTED is less costly and more effective and therefore cost-effective compared with open microdiscectomy for patients with lumbar disc herniation from the societal perspective.