Using a metal cannula may damage the lacrimal sac and nasolacrimal duct; a safer alternative is a soft Teflon catheter (Fig. 2). Trauma can result in scar tissue formation, which can result in ...

The term functional nasolacrimal duct obstruction (FNLDO; watering with patent drainage) is misleading as it implies occluded drainage and solely nasolacrimal duct pathology. 'Normal' tear ...