Harmful microorganisms such as bacteria represent one of the largest threats to human health. Efficient sterilization methods ...

In addition, the cells use an NADPH oxidase (an enzyme in the cell membrane) to release reactive oxygen species as further signaling molecules, which then interact with the calcium signals to ...

First of all, in the so-called light-driven reaction, light energy is converted into chemical energy that the plant can use ...

The process can be broken down into two stages - the light and dark reactions. NADPH and ATP generated during the light reactions fuel the formation of carbohydrates in the dark reactions.