Final height of the metal electrode must be controlled and monitored. It must also be defect free. Fig. 4 Illustration of bottom electrode (BE) formation (Image: KLA Corporation) (2) MTJ stack ...

In that case, the current runs “across” the MTJ instead of through it. Fig. 2: STT MRAM (left) uses current through the MTJ for writing the state. SOT MRAM (right) uses current parallel to the layers ...

Figure 2: (a) Shows the thermal stability of the circular diameter for the novel designed advanced-Quad-interface MTJ developed in this study and the conventional Double-interface MTJ.