In place of such an intermediate, Mitchell proposed a proton gradient across a membrane: the proton motive force (Mitchell 1961). It works much like a hydroelectric dam. The energy released by the ...

The ability of bacteria to control the biophysical properties of their membrane phospholipids allows them to thrive in a wide range of physical environments. Fatty acid biosynthesis is an energy ...

A study conducted by researchers from the University of São Paulo sheds light on new discoveries about the mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation in ATP production. Recent findings highlight the ...

Scientists have developed new membranes to extract lithium from salty lake water using electricity, an advance that could ...

This takes place when molecules diffuse across the cell membrane by travelling through specific transport proteins. It occurs down a concentration gradient - molecules move from an area of high to ...

Pure water has the highest water concentration. A concentration gradient exists when there is a region of high concentration leading to a region of low concentration: ...

A new process for sustainable lithium extraction could help to address the growing global demand for the metals used in electric vehicle batteries and renewable energy storage.

A schematic of a polymer electrolyte membrane hydrogen-oxygen fuel cell is shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Hydrogen-oxygen PEM fuel cell. Hydrogen molecules dissociatively adsorb at the anode and are ...