For example, most carbon (≈ 99 %) has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and is written as 12C to reflect its atomic mass. However, about 1 % of the carbon in the Earth’s biosphere has 6 protons and 7 neutrons ...

Stable isotopes can also be used as tracers, which are deliberately added to a system that is to be studied, such as in agriculture or nutrition. For this purpose, they must be separated using highly ...

To find out the molecular weight of a compound is the basic task for mass spectrometry. If this is done precisely, it is possible to determine the elemental composition. If there are isomers with ...

This course takes this a step further to enhance mass spectral knowledge. From learning to quickly recognise from the spectrum if the analyte is aliphatic or aromatic in nature; to learning to ...