The orbital lobotomy was a surgery that gained popularity in the late 1940s as a way of treating the most dangerous mentally ...

Some patients seemed to show improvements after the procedure, but others suffered severe cognitive and emotional impairments. The dark history of the lobotomy began in the early 20th century.

After seven patients, they switched to cutting the lobe ... acceptance of such radical treatments as shock therapy and lobotomy. In the United States, neurology professor Walter Freeman threw ...

When psychiatric drugs and therapy don’t work, psychiatry rarely blames the treatment—it blames the patient.