The intervertebral disks, located between the vertebrae, are essential to ensure spinal flexibility and cushion the impact of various mechanical activities such as walking, running, lifting ...

Background Back pain and intervertbral disc (IVD) damage are common problems experienced by astronauts. We hypothesize this is from paraspinal muscle deconditioning, ∼5 cm body lengthening from spinal ...

for use in the Intervertebral Disc Space. Backpack® represents a new class of biomaterials designed for the optimization of cell proliferation and bone formation and is used in orthopedic and ...