Currently, there are three main ways to measure the Hubble constant: by using astronomical measurements to look at objects nearby and see how fast they are moving; by using gravitational waves from ...

But scientists are confident it exists because of the gravitational effects it appears ... of dark energy are consistent with a cosmological constant, a mathematical Band-Aid that Albert Einstein ...

Because of this, the rate of cosmic expansion is known as the Hubble constant, or Hubble parameter ... One such method involves gravitational lensing. Gravitational lensing occurs because gravity ...