Cystoscopy is the reference standard for bladder cancer detection, and is also used to monitor patients with a history of the disease. The procedure is, however, invasive, and some patients find ...

IC is a diagnosis of exclusion. Figure 3. A bladder biopsy during cystoscopy, posthydrodistention, is used solely to rule out bladder carcinoma. In this patient with IC, biopsy reveals only mast ...

Bladder cancer is diagnosed by cystoscopy, a procedure in which the urologist passes a lighted telescope through the urethra into the bladder and looks directly at the inside lining of these ...

Most of oncology has moved to a pathway based on biopsy and imaging followed ... or MIBC at the time of flexible cystoscopy is an important component of your bladder cancer staging pathway.