Understanding cause-effect relationships between variables ... Hence, it is desirable to obtain causal information from observational data, that is, from data obtained by observing the system ...

Test-takers must understand causal arguments and how to distinguish them from statements of conditional logic.

Def.: Asserting or denying a causal relationship based on the fact that the proposed cause does not immediately, absolutely, or uniquely determine the effect. If X causes Y and X occurs, then Y must ...

Therefore, it is imperative that decision makers also consider another AI approach—causal AI, which can help identify the precise relationships of cause and effect. Identifying the root causes of ...

But a human has about 20,000 genes that can affect each other in complex ways, so even knowing which groups of genes to ...

But what if everyone is wrong? What if race actually has little causal effect on police shootings? In fact, the data show just that. If we as a nation can look seriously at the evidence ...