Upstream, the vein loses its enlarged red shape and appropriately softens (red arrow) and becomes a blue-purple color like normal veins. This technique cured the fistula and the patient improved ...

with embolization being the most common. Clinicians and nurses treating patients with these injuries should have an understanding of this vascular entity, because prompt intervention helps to ...

Embolization ... dural arteriovenous fistula (an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein in the dura mater, the protective membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord).