In 1892 Jose Rizal founded Liga Filipina, and in 1895 Andres Bonifacio organized the Katipunan, a fraternal brotherhood of Filipino nationalists committed to independence. Emilo Aguinaldo joined ...

The Katipunan had seals as graphic symbols of its libertarian aspirations, as explained by art curator and writer Lisa Guerrero Nakpil in her text, “The Last Seal of the Katipunan: Only Survivin ...