Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears can lead to joint instability and impaired knee function. Standard treatment is reconstruction, usually using patellar or hamstring tendon autograft ...

In the uncompromised spinal canal, there is ample room ... Each disc is reinforced anteriorly by the anterior longitudinal ligament and posteriorly by the posterior longitudinal ligament (Figs ...

Other causes include hardening of the posterior longitudinal ligament or the ligamentum flavum ... disc is removed and the remaining vertebral bones are fused to create more space in the spinal canal.