The outcomes of competition between two species can be predicted using equations, and one of the most well known is the Lotka-Volterra model (Volterra 1926, Lotka 1932). This model relates the ...

Keywords birds, nesting, precocial, altricial, Canada geese, green heron, flickers, barn swallows, morning doves, parental care Email us at [email protected] if you have questions about the ...