1 Th1 cells primarily produce interferon (IFN)-g and interleukin (IL)-2, whereas Th2 cells produce IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13. The two helper T cell classes also differ by the type of immune ...

Then, the team found that these fat-infiltrating immune cells differ from typical Th2 cells, as they were releasing the powerful cytokine TGFβ as well as Amphiregulin, a molecule that stimulates wound ...

When activated in response to environmental stimuli, these cells can differentiate into either TH1 cells, which fight against viruses and intracellular pathogens, or TH2 cells, which fight against ...

These prodrugs are activated into immune stimulants only in the tumor microenvironment, where they trigger the immune system to ‘predate’ on cancer cells (Fig. 1). This has the potential to ...

In conclusion, Tim-3 was characterized as a novel immune checkpoint molecule with pathophysiological significance in respiratory oncology. Its stage-dependent expression dynamics and multimodal ...